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Hướng dẫn đọc tài liệu các môn Introduction to Typology và Understanding Syntax của K53

 

STUDY GUIDE FOR “UNDERSTANDING SYNTAX” AND “INTRODUCTION TO TYPOLOGY”

“INTRODUCTION TO TYPOLOGY: SUGGESTIONS FOR READING
For each chapter, do the following in order to learn important concepts and vocabulary.
  1. Skim over each chapter’s subsections in the table of contents.
  2. Look at the list of key terms at the ends of chapters
  3. Skim over chapters and notice section titles and key vocabulary in bold fonts.
  4. Read chapters to understand main ideas and notice some examples. It is not necessary to memorize everything; learning main concepts and vocabulary is enough.
  5. Consider chapter summaries and remember the information they review.
  6. Look again at the key terms at the ends of chapters.


NOTE: Don’t worry if you don’t understand some ideas. We will look at important ideas in class and try to make the ideas clearer.

 
UNDERSTANDING SYNTAX: STUDY GUIDE
Contents
“INTRODUCTION TO TYPOLOGY: SUGGESTIONS FOR READING    1
UNDERSTANDING SYNTAX: STUDY GUIDE    1
CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS SYNTAX?    1
CHAPTER 2: WORDS BELONG TO DIFFERENT CLASSES    2
CHAPTER 3: LOOKING INSIDE SENTENCES    3
CHAPTER 4: HEAD WORDS AND PHRASES    3
CHAPTER 5: HOW DO WE IDENTIFY CONSTITUENTS?    4
CHAPTER 6: RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE CLAUSE    5
CHAPTER 7: PROCESSES THAT CHANGE GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS    5
CHAPTER 8: WH-CONSTRUCTIONS: QUESTIONS AND RELATIVE CLAUSES    6

 
CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS SYNTAX?
Key Concepts and Vocabulary to Know
  • Prescriptive versus descriptive grammar (page 2)
  • Typologically similar
  • Syntactic terminology: Nonpast, mass/non-count nouns, progressive, aspect, indefinite article, demonstrative, affix, suffix, person, number


Topics to Know
Section 1.1
  • Grammar versus syntax (pages 1-2)
  • Examples of syntax in human language (e.g., first-language acquisition, dialect variation, language change, cross-linguistic comparison) (pages 2-10)

Section 1.2
  • Types of evidence for syntax in human language (page 11)
  • Reasons to consider many languages in syntactic research (pages 11-12)
  • How to read linguistic examples (pages 13-17)

Section 1.3
  • Word order and rigidity (pages 18-20)
  • Promotion and demotion (pages 6-7 and pages 20-22); active voice and passive voice

Discussion: Applications of syntax
Homework: Exercise 5 (pages 27-28)

CHAPTER 2: WORDS BELONG TO DIFFERENT CLASSES

Key Concepts and Vocabulary to Know
  • Word classes (parts of speech)
  • Word form, morphology, morphological criteria
  • Syntax, syntactic criteria,
  • Distribution, function
  • Verb/verb phrase, noun/noun phrase, adjective/adjective phrase….
  • Grammatical categories: number, gender, definiteness, case, mood, voice…


Topics to Know
Section 2.1
  • What is a word class?  (pages 29-30)
  • Some ways to identify word classes (pages 30-32)
  • An illustration (pages 32-34)

Section 2.2
  • Verb classes  (pages 35-37)
  • The noun phrase (pages 37-43)
  • The adjective phrase (43-45)
  • The prepositional phrase (pages 45-47)
  • Adverbs (pages 47-49)

Section 2.3
  • Grammatical categories for nouns (pages 51-53)
  • Grammatical categories for verbs (pages 53-57)
  • Grammatical categories for adjectives (page 58)


Discussion: Words classes and grammatical categories in Vietnamese
Homework:  Exercises 1 (pages 61-62); Exercise 3 (pages 63-64); Exercise 4 (page 64)

CHAPTER 3: LOOKING INSIDE SENTENCES

Key Concepts and Vocabulary to Know
  • Subject and predicate
  • Simple versus complex sentences
  • Main (or matrix) clauses; subordinate (or embedded) clauses
  • Subordinate clauses and embedded sentences
  • Subordination and coordination
  • Main verbs and auxiliary verbs/modal auxiliaries
  • Finite and non-finite verbs; infinitives and infinitival clauses; gerunds
  • Aspect; progressive and perfect aspects
  • Select (=requires)

Topics to Know
Section 3.1
  • What constitutes a simple clause
  • The various properties of finite verbs (pages 69-73)
  • Generalizations about the position of finite and non-finite verbs in English (page 72)
  • Ways to identify non-finite verbs and categories of non-finite verbs (pages 74-76)

Section 3.2
  • What constitutes complex clauses
  • Be able to identify finite and non-finite verbs in in the sample complex sentences (page 77)
  • Facts about main and subordinate clauses (pages 78-79)
  • Methods of identifying main and subordinate clauses (pages 80-83)

Section 3.3
  • Five types of clauses: (a) languages without infinitival clauses; (b) inflected infinitival clauses; (c) the co-ordination strategy; (d) nominalization; (e) serial verbs (pages 83-89)
 
Discussion: Clauses in Vietnamese
Homework: Exercise 2 (pages 90-91); Exercise 3 (pages 91-92); Exercise 4 (pages 92-93)
 
 
CHAPTER 4: HEAD WORDS AND PHRASES

Key Concepts and Vocabulary to Know
  • Subjects, predicates, nominative/accusative case, agree
  • Adjuncts versus complements
  • Complementizers (e.g., “that he would go”) (page 103)
  • Determiners (pages 104-105)


Topics to Know
  • Four main properties of heads (pages 95-99)
  • Three main influences of heads on their dependents (pages 96-97)
  • Dependents: adjuncts and complements (pages 99-104)
  • Types of verbs and their complements (intransitive, transitive, ditransitive, prepositional verbs, etc.) (pages 100-102)
  • Head-initial versus head-final languages (pages 106-108)
  • Head-marking versus dependent-marking languages (109-118)
 
Discussion: Headedness in Vietnamese phrases and clauses
Homework: Exercise 1 (pages 118-119); Exercise 4 (pages 120-121);
 
 
CHAPTER 5: HOW DO WE IDENTIFY CONSTITUENTS?

Key Concepts and Vocabulary to Know
  • Syntactic structures, constituents, and readings
  • Constituents, constituent structure trees, tree diagrams
  • Labelled brackets, labelled tree diagrams
  • Sentence fragments
  • Grammaticality judgments and ungrammaticality
  • Adjuncts and complements
  • Recursive structure
  • Proforms

   
Topics to Know
Tests to determine constituents: (a) the echo-question test; (b) the sentence fragment test; (c) the cleft test; (d) the “do so” test; (e) the ellipsis test; (f) the coordination test
Section 5.1
  • Evidence of structure of sentences (pages116 -118)
  • Some syntactic tests for constituent structure (pages 118-122)
  • Constituent structure tree (pages 122- 125)


Section 5.2
  • Labeled brackets (page 126)
  • Tree diagrams: branches, nodes (S, NP, VP, PP), mothers/daughters/sisters, lexical items, (immediately) dominate  (pages 126-129)


Section 5.3
  • Applying some constituent tests (pages 129-135)
  • The co-ordination tests for constituency (pages 135-13)


Discussion: Identifying constituents in Vietnamese
Homework:  Exercise 1 (page 142); Exercises 2 and 3 (page 143); Exercise 4 (page 145)
 
CHAPTER 6: RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE CLAUSE

Key Concepts and Vocabulary to Know
  • Word order, case marking, and agreement
  • Grammatical relations
  • Nominative, accusative, ergative (absolutive)
  • SVO, SOV, VSO, etc.


Topics to Know
  • Ways to indicate relationships between NPs and verbal predicates: (1) constituent order; (2) case marking; (3) agreement (pages 155-156)
  • Word order: (SVO, SOV, VSO, etc.), Basic constituent order, marked constituent order, variations of order, head-initial/head-final order (pages 156-160)
  • Case systems: core arguments (S(ubject), A(gent), and O(bject)), nominative, accusative, ergative/absolutive; split ergative (pages 160-166)
  • Agreement: head-marking versus dependent-marking; person, number, and gender (pages 166-171)
  • Grammatical relations: cross-linguistic properties of subjects (pages 172-173); samples of subjects in Icelandic, Lezgian, and Tagalog (pages173-179); properties of objects (pages 179-180)
 
Discussion: Word order and case-marking issues in Vietnamese
Homework: Exercise 2 (page 183); Exercise 3 (pages 184-185)
 
 
CHAPTER 7: PROCESSES THAT CHANGE GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS

Key Concepts and Vocabulary to Know
  • Transitive and active verbs
  • Promotion and demotion of NPs
  • Nominative, accusative, and ergative


Topics to Know
Section 7.1
  • The passive construction: grammatical elements of passive voice in English; Theme or Patient; Core argument; Oblique argument; morphological passive; impersonal passives (pages 188-194)

Section 7.2
  • The antipassive: only in ergative languages; samples from Dyribal; summary on page 201 (pages 194-201)

Section 7.3
  • The applicative construction: basic versus marked order; types of marking of the applicative; range on the continuum (none to partial to flexible) (pages 201-204)

Section 7.4
  • The causative construction: what is demoted and what is promoted; causative with verbs and embedded clauses versus the morphological causative (pages 205-209)
 
Discussion: Promotion and demotion in Vietnamese; causative in second language acquisition
Homework: Exercise 4 (pages 212-213); Exercise 5 (pages 213-216)
 
 
CHAPTER 8: WH-CONSTRUCTIONS: QUESTIONS AND RELATIVE CLAUSES

Key Concepts and Vocabulary to Know
  • Wh-words, wh-questions, wh-movement
  • Relative clauses, complex sentences, embedded clauses


Topics to Know
Section 8.1
  • Wh-constructions among languages: (1) wh-movement; (2) wh-in-situ wh-questions; (3) multiple wh-questions (pages 217-224)

Section 8.2
  • Focus; fronting; scrambling; ø-marker and co-referential (pages 225-228)

Section 8.3
  • Two properties of relative clauses in English (pages 229-230); positions of relative clauses in languages (pages 231-233)


Discussion: Wh-questions, topic-comment constructions, and relative clauses in Vietnamese
Homework: Exercise 1 (pages 234-235); Exercise 2 (pages 235-237)
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